process 40d, queues 46d
Target "Design and Planning" first: it carries the highest composite pain score (92%), driven mainly by the queue before it (20 days). Reducing friction there moves end-to-end lead time more than any other single change.
Each metric is normalised to 0-1 against the highest value across all stages, then combined as a weighted sum: queue 35%, process time 25%, error rate 25%, cost 15%. The stage with the highest composite score is the bottleneck.
